USCDI Export for the Public

Medical orders guide what medical interventions providers will perform for a patient. A portable medical order is a type of medical order. Portable medical orders are not authored by patients. They are authored by practitioners in the context of an electronic medical record system. The medical orders are provided to the patient in the form of a document so the orders can travel with the patient and be exchanged with other care providers who do not have access to the EMR where the orders originated. Medical orders regarding life-sustaining treatments are established by a practitioner regarding treatments that restore, sustain or prolong a patient’s life. These types of medical orders are intended to be consistent with the patient’s instructions and wishes. Orders to perform or not perform specific types of life-sustaining treatments are documented by physicians as medical orders within the EMR system used by the organization providing medical interventions or the practitioner’s EMR. When medical orders regarding life-sustaining treatment are produced in a portable format, they are portable medical orders for life-sustaining treatment. Currently, there is no national standard for the expected content in a portable medical order for life-sustaining treatments, as the content can vary by State and EMR system. All doctors, emergency medical professionals, and other healthcare professionals, must follow these medical orders as the patient moves from one location to another (hospital, care facility, home, etc.), unless a treating physician examines the patient, reviews the medical order for life-sustaining treatment, and through conversation with the patient detects the need for a replacement order or as a result of their own clinical judgement creates a replacement order. In an emergency situation, characterized by a life-threatening health crisis, if the patient is unable to speak for themselves, life-sustaining treatments and procedures that are legally required of medical and emergency personnel can be overridden by a valid portable medical order. Depending on the state, a portable medical order may go by any of the following names: • MOLST (Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment) • POLST (Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment) • MOST (Medical Orders for Scope of Treatment) • POST (Physician Orders for Scope of Treatment) • TPOPP (Transportable Physician Orders for Patient Preferences) • Out-of-hospital Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders The above forms have historically been paper-based and siloed in EMRs that might contain a scanned image, or a clinical note that details the decisions documented in the portable medical order. Emergency and treating care teams do not have mechanisms for establishing that the copy they are provided is the most current version and that another, more recent portable medical order doesn’t exist that would contradict the order they are reviewing. These uploaded copies of the portable medical order for life-sustaining treatment are considered to be just as valid as the original paper medical order that was provided by a physician to the patient for whom it was written. The currently supported digital interchange format for portable medical orders is a pdf document, as there are not standard interoperable data elements. The pdf document can be represented as a C-CDA Unstructured Document or a FHIR DocumentReference to enable key administrative information to be processed.

Portable Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment The currently supported digital interchange format for portable POLST orders is a pdf document. The pdf document can be represented as a C-CDA Unstructured Document or a FHIR DocumentReference to enable key administrative information to be processed. There is no standard guidance about the expected content in a portable medical order for life sustaining treatments. The content varies by state and by EMR system. Portable Medical Orders for Life Sustaining treatment are a type of Medical Order. Data Element Code Definition Portable medical order form 93037-0 LOINC urn:oid:2.16.840.1.113883.6.1 Physician Order for Scope of Treatment which encompasses Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) or Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (MOLST). MOLST Observation In the context of a Patient Summary or Encounter Summary authored by a clinician or assembled by clinician’s EMR system, observations verifying a patient’s advance directive information and medical orders for life sustaining treatments using established standards for recording this type of information documented by providers. If a person has a medical order or physician order for life sustaining treatment (MOLST or POLST). This observation does not indicate what orders are included in the MOLST or POLST. It indicates if a MOLST or POLST exists. If a MOLST or POLST exists, the template includes a reference structure that can be used to point to the MOLST or POLST document. The vocabulary and structure needed to express this observation is provided in the HL7 CDA® R2 Implementation Guide: Personal Advance Care Plan (PACP) Document, Release 1 - US Realm STU Release 2 August 2020 Volume 2 – Templates. This observation can be used to document a patient authored statement about portable medical orders for life sustaining treatments or physician authored statements about there being portable medical orders for life sustaining treatments. Note that a physician’s own medical orders placed for life sustaining treatments are documented as medical orders placed within the physician’s own EMR.

“Indicates if this record was captured as a secondary 'reported' record rather than as an original primary source-of-truth record.” (from FHIR R4 MedicationRequest.reported[x]). This would clearly identify a medication that only exists in the data system not as part of any direct data for an original prescription (within the same EHR or across an EHR network, etc) but, instead, via descriptive communication or narrative (verbal, written, etc) by a relevant person (the patient, family, a caregiver, another physician, etc.) This may either be represented as a simple Boolean choice or, additionally, include information of the person and/or nature of the reporting. Additionally, some standards and system implementations provide more than one location for this type of information – and different options are used by different implementations resulting in highly non-standardized usage of this critical information. Proposal is that this information is captured ONLY in one way, universally across systems.

In FHIR R4, MedicationRequest.reported[x] (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/medicationrequest-definitions.html#MedicationRequest.reported_x_) supplied either a boolean or Reference(Patient | Practitioner | PractitionerRole | RelatedPerson | Organization) In FHIR R4 MedicationStatement - FHIR v4.0.1 (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/medicationstatement.html) which is still sometimes used to represent reported medications, a number of key terminologies are utilized

HL7 Version 2 – ODS – Dietary orders, supplements, and preferences (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=185) HL7 Version 3 Standard: Orders; Diet and Nutrition, Release 1 (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=317) HL7 FHIR NutritionOrder (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/nutritionorder.html) In addition, many there are many nutrition-related terms in SNOMED CT. Many of these terms have been put in value sets in VSAC or through HL7 terminology. Here are some examples: Diet Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.385) – HL7 terminology Nutrient Modifier (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.386) – HL7 terminology Nutrition Supplement (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.390) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.391) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Additive (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.392) – HL7 terminology Food Allergies and Intolerance (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1186.3) - VSAC Feeding Device Grouping (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1095.87) - VSAC

HL7 Version 2 – ODS – Dietary orders, supplements, and preferences (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=185) HL7 Version 3 Standard: Orders; Diet and Nutrition, Release 1 (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=317) HL7 FHIR NutritionOrder (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/nutritionorder.html) In addition, many there are many nutrition-related terms in SNOMED CT. Many of these terms have been put in value sets in VSAC or through HL7 terminology. Here are some examples: Diet Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.385) – HL7 terminology Nutrient Modifier (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.386) – HL7 terminology Nutrition Supplement (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.390) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.391) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Additive (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.392) – HL7 terminology Food Allergies and Intolerance (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1186.3) - VSAC Feeding Device Grouping (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1095.87) - VSAC

HL7 Version 2 – ODS – Dietary orders, supplements, and preferences (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=185) HL7 Version 3 Standard: Orders; Diet and Nutrition, Release 1 (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=317) HL7 FHIR NutritionOrder (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/nutritionorder.html) In addition, many there are many nutrition-related terms in SNOMED CT. Many of these terms have been put in value sets in VSAC or through HL7 terminology. Here are some examples: Diet Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.385) – HL7 terminology Nutrient Modifier (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.386) – HL7 terminology Nutrition Supplement (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.390) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.391) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Additive (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.392) – HL7 terminology Food Allergies and Intolerance (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1186.3) - VSAC Feeding Device Grouping (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1095.87) - VSAC

This is the address start and end date. The time period is important in determining the current address versus address at diagnosis.

Social Security Administration: https://www.ssa.gov/history/ssn/geocard.html Medicare Beneficiary Identifiers (MBIs): https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/New-Medicare-Card PHIN VADS: Patient Marital Status: https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?id=DB54A32E-D583-4A24-BD9C-234B0C7BD0FD Gender Identity - Gender harmony project definitions: https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/deprecated-unorganized/imported-assets/tjc/system-folders/topics-library/lgbtfieldguidepdf.pdf?db=web&hash=224B46C31193399359B8113698971F26 FHIR patient extension: birthplace: http://hl7.org/fhir/R4/extension-patient-birthplace.html FHIR patient address.period: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition-us-core-patient.html LOINC pregnancy status: https://loinc.org/82810-3/ Patient Vital Status: PHIN VADS, SNOMED-CT: https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?id=6EA795D5-5C5D-E511-81F8-0017A477041A Patient vital status:CCDA uses Value Set - HealthStatus urn:oid:2.16.840.1.113883.1.11.20.12 Value Set Source: https://vsac.nlm.nih.gov/valueset/2.16.840.1.113883.1.11.20.12/expansion

Medicare Beneficiary Identifiers (MBI) used to uniquely identify Medicare patients.

MBI format specifications: https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/New-Medicare-Card/Understanding-the-MBI.pdf HL7 Identifier type value set, see MC (http://hl7.org/fhir/R4/v2/0203/index.html)

HL7 Version 2 – ODS – Dietary orders, supplements, and preferences (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=185) HL7 Version 3 Standard: Orders; Diet and Nutrition, Release 1 (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=317) HL7 FHIR NutritionOrder (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/nutritionorder.html) In addition, many there are many nutrition-related terms in SNOMED CT. Many of these terms have been put in value sets in VSAC or through HL7 terminology. Here are some examples: Diet Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.385) – HL7 terminology Nutrient Modifier (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.386) – HL7 terminology Nutrition Supplement (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.390) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.391) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Additive (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.392) – HL7 terminology Food Allergies and Intolerance (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1186.3) - VSAC Feeding Device Grouping (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1095.87) - VSAC

HL7 Version 2 – ODS – Dietary orders, supplements, and preferences (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=185) HL7 Version 3 Standard: Orders; Diet and Nutrition, Release 1 (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=317) HL7 FHIR NutritionOrder (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/nutritionorder.html) In addition, many there are many nutrition-related terms in SNOMED CT. Many of these terms have been put in value sets in VSAC or through HL7 terminology. Here are some examples: Diet Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.385) – HL7 terminology Nutrient Modifier (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.386) – HL7 terminology Nutrition Supplement (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.390) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.391) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Additive (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.392) – HL7 terminology Food Allergies and Intolerance (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1186.3) - VSAC Feeding Device Grouping (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1095.87) - VSAC

HL7 Version 2 – ODS – Dietary orders, supplements, and preferences (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=185) HL7 Version 3 Standard: Orders; Diet and Nutrition, Release 1 (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=317) HL7 FHIR NutritionOrder (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/nutritionorder.html) In addition, many there are many nutrition-related terms in SNOMED CT. Many of these terms have been put in value sets in VSAC or through HL7 terminology. Here are some examples: Diet Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.385) – HL7 terminology Nutrient Modifier (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.386) – HL7 terminology Nutrition Supplement (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.390) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.391) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Additive (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.392) – HL7 terminology Food Allergies and Intolerance (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1186.3) - VSAC Feeding Device Grouping (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1095.87) - VSAC

The required consistency of fluids and liquids provided to improve safety for patients with swallowing difficulties. For example, “moderately thick” or “thin”. The ISDDI Framework (https://iddsi.org/Framework) for drinks is recommended as the terminology for this data element.

HL7 Version 2 – ODS – Dietary orders, supplements, and preferences (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=185) HL7 Version 3 Standard: Orders; Diet and Nutrition, Release 1 (http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=317) HL7 FHIR NutritionOrder (https://www.hl7.org/fhir/nutritionorder.html) In addition, many there are many nutrition-related terms in SNOMED CT. Many of these terms have been put in value sets in VSAC or through HL7 terminology. Here are some examples: Diet Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.385) – HL7 terminology Nutrient Modifier (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.386) – HL7 terminology Nutrition Supplement (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.390) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Type (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.391) – HL7 terminology Enteral Nutrition Additive (OID 2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.3.392) – HL7 terminology Food Allergies and Intolerance (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1186.3) - VSAC Feeding Device Grouping (OID 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1095.87) - VSAC

Patient vital status of alive/dead.

Social Security Administration: https://www.ssa.gov/history/ssn/geocard.html Medicare Beneficiary Identifiers (MBIs): https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/New-Medicare-Card PHIN VADS: Patient Marital Status: https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?id=DB54A32E-D583-4A24-BD9C-234B0C7BD0FD Gender Identity - Gender harmony project definitions: https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/deprecated-unorganized/imported-assets/tjc/system-folders/topics-library/lgbtfieldguidepdf.pdf?db=web&hash=224B46C31193399359B8113698971F26 FHIR patient extension: birthplace: http://hl7.org/fhir/R4/extension-patient-birthplace.html FHIR patient address.period: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition-us-core-patient.html LOINC pregnancy status: https://loinc.org/82810-3/ Patient Vital Status: PHIN VADS, SNOMED-CT: https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?id=6EA795D5-5C5D-E511-81F8-0017A477041A Patient vital status:CCDA uses Value Set - HealthStatus urn:oid:2.16.840.1.113883.1.11.20.12 Value Set Source: https://vsac.nlm.nih.gov/valueset/2.16.840.1.113883.1.11.20.12/expansion

The way a tumor acts within the body, e.g., ability to grow, invade other areas and/or metastasize.

Tumor Histologic Type: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology 3.2, with additional values accepted by the WHO-IARC but not included in the official published documents. SNOMED International, Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT®) U.S. Edition, 2021 Release (month TBD) Tumor Behavior: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology 3.2 Tumor Primary Site: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology 3.2. SNOMED International, Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT®) U.S. Edition, September 2020 Release Tumor Laterality: SNOMED International, Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT®) U.S. Edition, September 2020 Release – mCODE Laterality Value Set Tumor Clinical Grade: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries Grade Clinical

Initial evaluation note, LOINC code = 28636-9, and any LOINC LongName Note which has Initial Evaluation Note as a component.

LOINC https://loinc.org/67781-5/ https://loinc.org/28636-9/ https;//loinc.org/34108-1/

A clinical note which narratively summarizes the patient encounter. LOINC code = 67781-5.

LOINC https://loinc.org/67781-5/ https://loinc.org/28636-9/ https;//loinc.org/34108-1/

Cause of death information includes the sequence of events leading to death as well as other conditions significantly contributing to death. The underlying cause of death may be different than the terminal condition. This may include summary of death note, and/or death information that may be captured within the discharge summary note or other cause of death documentation within the clinical notes section.

LOINC: Summary of death note: 47046-8: https://loinc.org/47046-8/ Physician Summary of death note: 83796-3: https://loinc.org/83796-3/ Nurse Summary of death note: 84273-2: https://loinc.org/84273-2/ US Standard Certificate of Death: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/DEATH11-03final-ACC.pdf Hepatitis C Case Report Form: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/pdfs/HepatitisCaseRprtForm.pdf Supporting Links: PHINVADS Value Set: https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?oid=2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3593

The indication of an imaging diagnostic studies performed (with type) and completed on patients, including DEXA, mammography, bone scans

LOINC (i.e. OID: 2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.320) HCPCS

Indicates who or what performed the medication administration and how they were involved.

Date Medication Prescribed and Date Medication Administered: dateTime Data Type (FHIR): http://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#dateTime Medication Prescribed Code and Medication Administered Code: RxNorm: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/index.html Medication Prescribed Dose Units and Medication Administration Dose Units: UCUM: http://unitsofmeasure.org

Do-not-perform is an additional Boolean element in HL7 FHIR R4 Medication Request representing the provider’s intent that the prescription NOT be carried forward. If it is assumed that Status will be updated based on this command (ie, status will be changed to “cancelled” then this may be redundant. Alternative is an additional Status of “cancelled-by-provider”

In FHIR R4, https://www.hl7.org/fhir/medicationrequest-definitions.html#MedicationRequest.status

Represents a therapeutic response (as opposed to an undesired reaction) to the administration of a medication.

HL7 FHIR: Therapeutic Medication Response extension HL7 CDA: Therapeutic Medication Response observation LOINC: 67540-5 "Response to medication" VSAC Value Set: Therapeutic Response to Medication