The metadata, or extra information about data, regarding who created the data and when it was created.

Data Element
Action Taken
Description

Action Taken, in context of the real-world occurrence (activity or event) that included collection of the USCDI dataset or data element. Actions include: assessment, history and physical, admission, discharge, transfer, order (e.g., for diagnostic test, for care, for therapy, for medications), result or interpretation (e.g., of diagnostic test), referral, consultation, care planning, observation... Provenance set includes the who, what, when, where and why as metadata for USCDI data classes and data elements. Action Taken is part of “what”. Action Taken must be associated with each USCDI dataset or data element that has a unique provenance set. Occurs when data is originated (captured, collected or sourced), updated, verified, attested, transformed (e.g., to/from exchange artifact such as HL7 v2 message, document or FHIR resource instance). Note that Action Taken is intrinsic to what the source EHR/HIT system already knows, thus it does not require extra data collection (burden) by the clinician or other end user.
Submitted By: Gary Dickinson / EHR Standards Consulting
Data Element Information
Rationale for Separate Consideration Action Taken is crucial to understand the context for collection (capture) of particular data classes and data elements. It offers essential assurance for transparency, accountability, trust, traceability and data integrity.
Use Case Description(s)
Use Case Description All use cases (including health data/record exchange) where essential assurance of transparency, accountability, trust, traceability and data integrity is required.
Estimate the breadth of applicability of the use case(s) for this data element Any/all stakeholders for any/all use cases.
Healthcare Aims
  • Improving patient experience of care (quality and/or satisfaction)
  • Improving the health of populations
  • Reducing the cost of care
  • Improving provider experience of care
Maturity of Use and Technical Specifications for Data Element
Applicable Standard(s) N/A
Additional Specifications N/A
Current Use Extensively used in production environments
Supporting Artifacts FHIR Core Release 4.0.1 – Record Lifecycle Event Implementation Guide
ISO 21089:2018 – Trusted End-to-End Information Flows
ISO/HL7 10781 – Electronic Health Record System Functional Model, Release 2.1

http://hl7.org/fhir/ehrsrle/ehrsrle.html
Extent of exchange 5 or more. This data element has been tested at scale between multiple different production environments to support the majority of anticipated stakeholders.
Potential Challenges
Restrictions on Standardization (e.g. proprietary code) None
Restrictions on Use (e.g. licensing, user fees) None
Privacy and Security Concerns None. In fact enables health data/record audit events and audit logs (audit trails).
• Who did what when where and why (actions taken)
• Who documented what when where and why (health record entries)
Estimate of Overall Burden As stated previously, most all of the submitted Provenance elements are intrinsic to what the source EHR/HIT system already knows, thus will not require extra data collection (burden) by the clinician or other end user.
Other Implementation Challenges The usual resistance from certain stakeholders – those who believe Provenance is unnecessary – after all, who would believe that transparency, accountability, assurance, traceability and data integrity are essential/integral to trusted health data/record management and use?

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